Spearfishing, also known as underwater hunting, is an activity that involves capturing fish using a speargun. This sport gained popularity in the 1920s through French and Italian divers who hunted in the Mediterranean Sea. Initially relying on rudimentary, handmade equipment, the sport has evolved significantly, leading to advancements in spearfishing gear, including masks, snorkels, and fins.

Spearfishing is conducted while freediving, as any equipment that provides oxygen is prohibited in this activity.

Techniques Used in Spearfishing

Several techniques are commonly employed by spearfishers:

The Drop

The drop technique is the most natural and instinctive approach: it involves descending directly onto the fish from above. This technique is primarily practiced in clear, deep waters where fish can be spotted from a distance.

The Stalking (Ambush)

This technique aims to attract fish towards the spearfisher. The goal is to pique the fish’s curiosity to facilitate a close capture; thus, discretion is crucial in this type of underwater hunting. Stalking can be practiced at various depths, targeting receptive species such as bass, bream, and snapper.

The Hole Hunting

The hole hunting technique is used to flush out fish from marine cavities (holes, crevices, rocks, caves). Discretion is less critical than in stalking, except when approaching the hiding spot. The most effective approach is from the side or above, never head-on. Many species can be hunted using this technique, including sea bream, conger eel, and grouper (where permitted).

The Indian Technique

This technique utilizes natural terrain to surprise fish at the last moment. It requires quick reflexes, as the fish’s reaction time is shorter than that of the human. For the Indian technique, it is essential to anticipate movements and be ready to shoot, keeping the speargun pointed in the line of sight.

Essential Equipment for Spearfishing

To maximize enjoyment and safety during sea outings, it is crucial to possess high-quality spearfishing equipment, including:

• Mask: For optimal sealing, choose a mask that fits the contours of your face. To test the fit, press the mask against your face without securing the strap and inhale through your nose. If the mask stays in place, it fits well.
• Snorkel: Like the mask, comfort and simplicity should be prioritized.
• Fins: Depending on experience, opt for plastic fins (for beginners) or carbon fins (for advanced divers). Choose softer blades for shallow water and stiffer ones as diving depths increase. Comfort is key, as fins will be worn for extended periods.
• Wetsuit: Preferably select a lined wetsuit for better insulation and durability. A lined suit requires soapy water for easy donning. Common thicknesses are 3mm (summer), 5mm (spring, summer, and fall), and 7mm (winter).
• Weight System: Consider your weight, diving depth, and wetsuit thickness when selecting weights. Generally, use 10% of your body weight in lead for a 5mm wetsuit. If diving deeper than 12 meters, reduce weight by 1 to 3 kg; if shallower than 7 meters, add 1 to 3 kg.
• Fish Stringer: The most common fish stringer consists of a 6.5mm stainless steel spike and nylon line, measuring between 20 and 25 cm.
• Knife: A spearfishing knife serves three main purposes: safety, finishing the catch, and gutting fish. It is recommended to carry the knife in a consistent location for quick access.
• Speargun: The type of speargun to use will depend on the hunting method. For the drop technique, a long speargun with powerful bands is ideal for long-distance shots (100cm tube, 140cm shaft, 6.5mm diameter). For stalking, the gun size varies with visibility; use a long gun (120cm with double or triple bands) in good visibility or a short gun (75cm with a single band) in poor visibility for reflex shots. For the Indian technique, an intermediate gun of 90cm is recommended. For hole hunting, a shorter, easily maneuverable speargun (50-70cm) with a 6.5 to 7mm shaft and a trident is preferred.
• Buoy or Float: A buoy is an essential safety accessory. It signals your presence to nearby boats and other divers and can carry additional or spare equipment. Often inflatable, the spearfishing buoy is equipped with rings for attaching gear, fish stringers, spare spearguns, and waterproof boxes for car keys.
• Dive Light: There are various waterproof dive lights categorized into three types: LED lights, which vary in brightness based on the number of LEDs; dive torches, which offer good quality and long battery life; and HID lights, which are high-end options providing superior brightness and longer run times compared to halogen lights.

Regulations for Spearfishing

Spearfishing can be practiced year-round. However, it is essential to adhere to certain safety rules to ensure a pleasurable experience during spearfishing outings, including:

• Always dive with a buddy: Never engage in spearfishing alone.
• Use a buoy: Always utilize a buoy to mark your position for surrounding boats and other divers.